What scares the S&P 500?

by Roderick Mackenzie, Tom Becker, BlackRock

Quick Read

Equity option market pricing offers a unique way to quantify investor attention across growth, inflation, and policy events.
In the second half of 2024 the risk premia associated with inflation releases declined relative to labor market data as the Fed shifted focus toward labor market and away from inflation risk. With elevated S&P 500 Index concentration and the market leadership of the artificial intelligence (AI) theme, some single company earnings (NVIDIA) have been rising risk events for the entire index.
In our tactical multi-asset portfolios like the BlackRock Tactical Opportunities Fund, we entered 2025 underweight the S&P 500 versus a diversified set of non-US equity markets. This positioning was informed by pricing and flows insights. We have also added to directional short duration positions in US Treasuries as the market’s relatively benign perception of inflation risk has diverged from our inflation outlook.

Pay attention to macro news

The types of macro events driving markets and dominating financial news and broker reports shift over time. Some periods are dominated by Federal Reserve meeting days, others by Consumer Price Index (CPI) or Non-Farm Payrolls (NFP), or even election days. We can quantify such shifts in attention by using index options data and looking at implied equity index moves.

Trading volumes in single-day S&P 500 options have been growing and, by linking them to macro news release dates, we can better understand shifts in how important the market believes these releases are for the broad equity market. The visual below plots the time series of event risk scores in recent years. As has been the case since the beginning of the monetary hiking cycle in 2022, Fed meeting days were typically the most important macro risk events for equities throughout 2024. This data also reveals an upward shift in relative importance of labor market data starting in the summer of 2024. That’s consistent with market concerns about a rising unemployment rate shifting focus away from the inflation side of the Fed’s dual mandate.

S&P 500 risk premia on major macro data days show a decline in perceived market risk around inflation

Chart shows excess market moves from CPI reports, FOMC Meetings and Nonfarm Payroll prints, from 2019-2025.

Source: BlackRock, with data from CBOE, as of January 27, 2025. Values are 'excess' moves priced into the SPX, so a value of 1 indicates a 1% 'extra' SPX move on that day (vs. a baseline 'normal' move).

Elections and AI earnings

Another way that we can use daily options data to understand shifts in the relevant equity risk drivers is to simply look at the days with the highest risk scores and then match them to a calendar of macro events. The table below shows the highest implied equity volatility days for 2024 and the associated event. Unsurprisingly, the November election topped the charts and was followed by some of the growth, inflation, and policy days that were plotted in the chart above. This table also highlights an important micro driver of market-level risk in 2024 – three of the top 15 riskiest days for the S&P 500 in 2024 were NVIDIA earnings release days.

Elections and AI earnings were key risk drivers in 2024

Chart showing top 10 market moving events in 2025.

Single company corporate earnings do not typically influence the overall riskiness of a broadly diversified index, particularly one that contains 500 distinct companies. The ability of NVIDIA earnings days to impact overall S&P 500 excess volatility in 2024 provides some insight into two important and related phenomena that we believe will be important for risk assets in 2025:

Index concentration: The S&P is currently highly concentrated with the 10 largest companies comprising 38% of the index
AI themes: A constellation of outperformers across equity markets have been linked to AI-related themes, like US power demand

What do these views mean for portfolio positioning?

In our tactical liquid alternative portfolios like the BlackRock Tactical Opportunities Fund, we seek to deliver returns that are lowly correlated with stock and bond markets. We use macro data related to growth, inflation, policy and market pricing to seek out long and short investment opportunities across countries and asset classes.

Portfolio positioning shifted underweight US equities relative to non-US equities in the aftermath of the US election, driven primarily by pricing and flows insights. In our view, the elevated concentration of the US equity index in conjunction with unbalanced positioning makes the S&P 500 less attractive than non-US markets on a tactical horizon at the outset of 2025. We have also added to directional short duration positioning in US Treasuries informed by the market’s relatively benign perception of inflation risk despite rising upside risks to the inflation outlook.