As rate hikes near end, historic investor opportunity may begin

September 24, 2023

5 minute read

by Mike Gitlin, Incoming President & CEO, Capital Group

To say this has been an interesting year in financial markets is an understatement. Equities have been stronger than most expected, and the 10-year U.S. Treasury yield is up 37 basis points as of September 13. So where are we now as we head into the homestretch of 2023? I believe we’re on the cusp of a major transition, one where long-term investors can find attractive income opportunities as central banks pivot from restrictive monetary policy to something that looks much more benign.

Last year was shocking to many in the investment community: It marked the first time in at least 45 years that both stocks and bonds posted negative returns in a calendar year. Battling high inflation, the U.S. Federal Reserve raised interest rates aggressively. Those hikes hurt absolute results across the board. The usual role of high-quality bonds to provide diversification from stock market volatility — something investors rely on — broke down.

Most investors had never faced a year as challenging as 2022

A four-quadrant scattergram displays stock and bond returns. Each point represents an annual stock and bond return. It shows 2022 as the only point squarely in the lower left quadrant, indicating a decline for both stocks and bonds in that year. That quadrant is labeled: stocks and bonds lost: one. The upper left quadrant represents years when stock returns were negative, but bond returns were positive. It contains eight points and includes a label stating: stocks lost/bonds gained: eight. The lower right quadrant represents years when stock returns were positive, but bond returns were negative. It contains four points and a label indicating: stocks gained/bonds lost: four. The upper right quadrant represents years when stock and bond returns were both positive. It contains 33 points and is labeled: stocks and bonds gained: 33.

Sources: Capital Group, Bloomberg Index Services Ltd., Standard & Poor's. Each dot represents an annual stock and bond market return from 1977 through 2022. Stock returns represented by the S&P 500 Index. Bond returns represented by the Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Index. Past results are not predictive of results in future periods. Returns are in USD.

Turbulent markets in 2022, plus the prospect of relatively high yields in money markets, led investors to flock to cash-like alternatives. Money market funds were at an all-time high of US$5.6 trillion as of September 6, according to the Investment Company Institute. Cash investments still look compelling to many investors today, but the Fed appears to be nearing a turning point. History teaches us that this may be an opportune time to shift back to stocks and bonds.

Will the Fed raise interest rates again?

Nobody knows exactly when the Fed will stop raising rates. However, both markets and the Fed itself project its key policy rate to peak near current levels and then decline around 100 basis points by the end of 2024.

Both the market and Fed project lower rates in 2024

Data in the chart starts in March 2022. From that period until August 2023, it shows the federal funds target rate beginning at 0.5% and rising as a step function to 5.375%. From that point it shows a dashed line indicating market-implied effective rates, which remains in roughly that range through late 2023 until it begins to decline by 91 basis points by the end of 2024. Over that projected period, it also contains dots for the Fed’s end-of-year projections of 5.625% for 2023 and 4.625% for 2024.

Sources: Bloomberg, Federal Reserve. The fed fund target rate shown is the midpoint of the 50 basis-point range that the Federal Reserve aims for in setting its policy interest rate. Market-implied effective rates are a measure of what the fed funds rate could be in the future and are calculated using fed fund rate futures market data.

If you believe the Fed is finished or nearly there, what does history tell us? An analysis of the end of the last four Fed hiking cycles shows that cash investments decayed while stocks and bonds flourished.

History shows cash has decayed when Fed hikes end

Sitting in money market funds today may feel comfortable with a roughly 5% yield, based on the benchmark 3-month Treasury, especially after an extended period of experimental zero interest rate policy post-global financial crisis. But the benefit of remaining in cash at current yields is eroded by today’s moderate inflation. Additionally, these cash-like holdings may see little additional upside as the Fed finishes hiking rates.

There is where the math matters. History shows that in the 18 months after the Fed ended hikes in the last four cycles, yields on cash-like investments have traditionally decayed rapidly. The 3-month U.S. Treasury yield, a benchmark Treasury security with a yield similar to cash-like investments, fell an average of 2.5%. If history were to repeat itself, money market fund yields would decline, and investors would be better served by being actively invested in stocks and bonds.

3-month T-bill yields declined sharply following the Fed’s final hike in the last four cycles

Line chart that shows the average change in the 3-month Treasury bill yield after the Fed’s final hike in the last four cycles. It shows the line somewhat level until month four, when it begins to decline somewhat steadily to negative 2.5% after 18 months. The chart also contains a downward arrow highlighting that decline.

Sources: Bloomberg, Federal Reserve. As of 6/30/23. Chart represents the average decline in 3-month Treasury bills starting in the month of the last Fed hike in the last four transition cycles from 1995 to 2018. Past results are not predictive of results in future periods.

Where to invest cash today

If you agree that the Fed is nearly finished hiking and that cash yields may decline over time, the question is: Where to invest today? After the Fed’s final hike in the last four cycles, both equity and fixed income returns were strong in the year that followed. Importantly, for long-term investors, these sectors maintained relative strength over a five-year period.

After Fed hikes ended, long-term results outpaced cash, with the first year contributing most

Chart shows four sets of bars representing one-year and five-year average returns after the final Fed hike in the last four cycles. The first set shows these returns for the Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Index with values of 10.1% and 7.1%, respectively, and notes the index’s long-term average is 4.8%. The second set shows the returns for the S&P 500 Index of 16.2% and 9.0%, respectively, and notes the index’s long-term average of 8.5%. The third set shows results for the 60/40 blend of those indexes of 14.2% and 8.4%, respectively, and notes the blend’s long-term average is 7.4%. The last set of bars shows averages for the U.S. 3-month T-bill of 4.7% and 3.2%.

Sources: Capital Group, Morningstar. Chart represents the average returns across respective sector proxies in a forward extending window starting in the month of the last Fed hike in the last four transition cycles from 1995 to 2018 with data through 6/30/23. The 60/40 blend represents 60% S&P 500 Index and 40% Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index, rebalanced monthly. Long-term averages represented by the average five-year annualized rolling returns from 1995. Past results are not predictive of results in future periods. Returns are in USD.

Today, fixed income is living up to its name again by providing solid income potential to investors. The Bloomberg U.S. Bond Aggregate Index, a popular benchmark for high-quality core bond funds, had a yield-to-worst (the lowest possible yield that can be received on a bond that fully operates within the terms of its contract without defaulting) of 5.0% at the end of August. That’s roughly double its 10-year average, as highly accommodative policy weighed on yields during the past decade. This income potential today provides a solid starting point for total return.

The same exposure to interest rates that hurt bonds in 2022 would benefit bonds if rates begin to fall. Here’s a hypothetical example of how that could work. The index’s duration, a measure of interest rate sensitivity, is 6.25 years. That means if yields decline by nearly 100 basis points in 2024, investors could see upside of 6.25% in positive price return, all else being equal. Together, those income and price return components would equate to a hypothetical one-year return that could venture into double digits, assuming credit doesn’t deteriorate meaningfully. Under that same scenario, money market fund yields would drop below 5%.

For stocks, when the Fed stops tightening policy, one risk for the financial system dissipates. And as companies and consumers see their borrowing costs stabilize and eventually begin to decline, it provides a boost to the economy and corporate profits. Historically, equity investors have seen the benefit.

At this time, a balanced strategy could also be attractive for more cautious investors. A balanced portfolio tends to hold more defensive positions in dividend-paying stocks and high-quality bonds. And if the economy slows or falls into recession, it could provide some resilience.

It takes courage to take action

Inertia can be a very powerful force, especially 5% cash yield-induced inertia. Investor emotions are real. Past losses sting for a long time, and today’s seemingly attractive rates on certificates of deposit in the U.S. and in money markets feel good. But as investors, we know that markets don’t idle for long. Investors could become stuck in cash if they wait too long to get back into the market, as better potential opportunities emerge.

At Capital Group, we focus on helping investors achieve long-term success . I firmly believe that the best path toward that goal is through stock and bond markets. Our analysts and portfolio managers are scouring the world to find new investment ideas, regardless of market ups and downs. We’re optimistic about what the future has in store and committed to improving people’s lives through successful investing.

Mike Gitlin will become President and Chief Executive Officer of Capital Group and chair of the management committee on October 24, 2023. Mike joined Capital in 2015 as head of fixed income. He has 29 years of investment industry experience (as of 12/31/2022). He holds a bachelor’s degree from Colgate University.