What Do Rising Rates Mean for Stock Investors?

by Jeffrey Kleintop, CFA®, Managing Director, Chief Global Investment Strategist, Charles Schwab & Co., Inc.

Last week, U.S. Treasury bond yields, climbed back to their pre-pandemic levels. In Europe, German 10-year yields climbed to near 0%, touching their highest level since May 2019. What are the implications of rising global yields for stock prices? Increasing yields could help lift stocks and may even signal outperformance of cyclical European stocks and value stocks.

The end of an era?

Interest rates and stocks have moved together for the past 20 years, but this hasn’t always been the case. In the prior multi-decade period, from the 1970s into the 1990s, when interest rates went up, stocks generally fell.

Changing relationship between stock prices and bond yields

Stocks = MSCI World Index (S&P 500 prior to 1970)
Bonds = 10 year US Treasury bond yield
Source: Charles Schwab, Bloomberg data as of 1/17/2022.

The relationship between bond yields and stocks prices has changed over time. So, how can we tell if the current era may be ending? Well, the ten-year U.S. Treasury yield remains well below 5% and historically, that has been the threshold for a change in the relationship.

• Same direction - When rates were below 5%, both in the 1960s and since 2000, stock prices and bond yields tended to move in sync with each other (a positive correlation).
• Opposite directions -When rates were above 5% in the 1970-90s, stock prices and bond yields tended to move in opposite directions (a negative correlation).

The only exception to this was the period around the 1987 stock market crash, when stocks and yields moved together. However, these circumstances were unique; the market decline was not precipitated by an economic recession-driven drop in bond yields.

Why does 5% matter?

The different eras may be the result of the changing relationship between yields and the economic outlook. Stock returns typically move in sync with the outlook for economic growth because economic growth is reflected in corporate earnings, which are one of the most important drivers of stock market performance. However, bond yields have become increasingly cyclical over time. In the current era, the U.S. Treasury bond yield and the world’s leading economic indicators have moved in sync. Prior to the 1990s they moved in opposite directions. This phenomenon is seen with global growth and U.S. bond yields, as well as within Europe.

Bond yields have become increasingly cyclical over time

World = Total Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Leading Economic Indicator
Europe = Europe Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Leading Economic Indicator
Source: Charles Schwab, Macrobond and Bloomberg data as of 1/17/2022.

Today, U.S. 10-year yields are still well below 5%. Even more importantly, we expect the relationship between bond yields and economic activity to remain positive, maintaining the current era in which bond yields and stock prices generally move in the same direction. We believe global bond yields have more upside, even if inflation slows in 2022, as we expect. Although in Europe and the U.S., long-term inflation expectations have been flat for the past three months, the outlook for the real yield (10-year Treasury yield minus 10-year inflation expectations) is driving higher as confidence grows in the economic growth outlook and monetary policy begins normalization.

Now, runaway global inflation could still pose a risk. If inflation does not stabilize in 2022, the subsequent increase in yields could turn negative for stocks and for the economic outlook. The current scenario does have the potential to herald the return to a negative correlation between stock prices and bond yields.

What to do?

An investment implication of rising bond yields is that investors should consider an overweight to their stock allocation. Note that rising rates have historically accompanied the outperformance of European stocks compared to the U.S. and within European stocks, outperformance of value stocks over growth stocks. This is largely attributed to the greater cyclicality of both European equities and value stocks. The ten-year European bond yield, which has been in decline since 2007 may be starting a meaningful rise, a possible indication that European value stocks could begin to outperform growth stocks, as you can see in the chart below.

Reversal of rates to reverse growth/value performance?

Source: Charles Schwab, Bloomberg data as of 1/17/2022. Past performance is no guarantee of future results.

U.S. and global benchmark yields are gaining traction, moving higher along with positive global economic sentiment. Because they are still low by historical standards, we believe they will still be positively correlated to market returns. In this rate environment, economically sensitive stocks, such as European stocks and value stocks, may be poised to outperform based on historical patterns. While rising inflation could risk breaking down this correlation, investors may want to consider increasing their overall stock allocation, with a focus on more cyclical areas of the market.

Michelle Gibley, CFA, Director of International Research and Heather O'Leary, Senior Global Investment Research Analyst, contributed to this article.

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